OVARIAN CANCER
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, which are part of the female reproductive system. The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus, responsible for producing eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor, and can potentially spread to other parts of the body.
Where are the ovaries situated in the body?
The ovaries are located in the lower abdomen on either side of the uterus, within the female reproductive system. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond, and they are positioned in the pelvic cavity, just below the fallopian tubes. The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and releasing hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions.
Types of Ovarian Cancer
There are several types of ovarian cancer, but the three main types are:
- Epithelial Ovarian Cancer:
> This is the most common type (90% of cases).
> It starts in the layer of tissue covering the ovaries (epithelium).
- Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer:
> This rare type starts in the cells that produce eggs.
> It is more common in younger women. - Stromal Ovarian Cancer:
> This type begins in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovary together and produce hormones.
> It is also relatively rare but can be diagnosed at an earlier stage compared to other types.
What are the causes of Ovarian Cancer?
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing it:
- Age: Most ovarian cancers develop after menopause, with the majority of cases occurring in women over 50.
- Family History: A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer increases the risk, especially if there are genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.
- Genetics: Inherited genetic mutations (such as BRCA mutations) are responsible for a significant portion of ovarian cancers.
- Reproductive History: Women who have never been pregnant or had their first child after age 35 have a higher risk.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy after menopause has been linked to an increased risk.
- Endometriosis: Women with endometriosis (a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus) may have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is often called a “silent killer” because its symptoms are vague and can easily be mistaken for other conditions, especially in the early stages. However, common symptoms may include:
- Abdominal bloating or swelling
- Pelvic pain or discomfort
- Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
- Frequent urination or urgency
- Fatigue
- Back pain
- Unexplained weight loss
These symptoms tend to become more pronounced as the cancer progresses.
What tests will be required for diagnosis?
Ovarian cancer is often difficult to detect early because there are no reliable screening tests. However, diagnosis typically involves:
- Pelvic Examination: A manual exam of the ovaries and surrounding area.
- Ultrasound: Imaging to look for abnormalities in the ovaries.
- Blood Tests: Tests like the CA-125 blood test, which can measure a protein that is often higher in women with ovarian cancer, although it’s not definitive.
- Biopsy: A sample of tissue may be taken to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on the stage of the disease and often includes:
- Surgery: The primary treatment usually involves removing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and sometimes the uterus (hysterectomy).
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth, often given after surgery.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells or certain genetic mutations may be used.
- Radiation Therapy: Though less common, radiation may be used in some cases.